Cystoscopy

The flexible cystoscope can be used purely for diagnosis or surveillance of bladder tumour, or to remove ureteric stents or inject botox into the bladder.

Under general or spinal anaesthetic, a rigid cystoscope can be used. This allows biopsies of any abnormal bladder tissue to be taken.

The risks of cystoscopy are low; they include infection, blood in the urine and pain when passing urine for a few days after the procedure.